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We request contributors of the UEE to use the following chronology as basis. The editors are well aware that many of the rounded dates represented here are a simplification, or represent a particular view. Whenever relevant, authors are encouraged to refine or comment on the chronology for a specific period or subject, but should be aware that in the next phase of development of the UEE, more detailed chronologies will be provided, and several articles will be commissioned discussing the development of chronology, the sources, and their interpretation. We encourage authors to comment on the chronology listed below, or to suggest encyclopedia articles related to chronological issues. Overlapping dates indicate co-regencies.
The chronology is based mainly on the ones published by J. Baines and J. Malek in the Cultural Atlas of Ancient Egypt (2000, second edition); B.J. Kemp’s Ancient Egypt, Anatomy of a Civilization (1992, second edition); and I. Shaw and P.T. Nicholson, British Museum Dictionary of Ancient Egypt (1995). The years given are rounded and approximate for all dates before 664 BCE.
| Phase |
Dynasty |
Period or Ruler |
Years BCE |
| Prehistory |
|
Lower Palaeolithic |
700,000-175,000 |
| Middle Palaeolithic |
175,000-40,000 |
| Upper Palaeolithic |
40,000-35,000 |
| Final Palaeolithic |
25,000-7000 |
| Epi-Palaeolithic |
7000-6000 |
| Neolithic |
6000-4500 |
| Badarian (Middle Egypt) |
4500-4000 |
| Predynastic |
|
Badarian (Middle Egypt) |
4500-4000 |
Early A-group (Lower Nubia)
Naqada I – early II (Upper Egypt)
Maadi / Buto I (Lower Egypt) |
4000-3400 |
Middle A-group (Lower Nubia)
Late Naqada II (Upper Egypt)
Buto II (Lower Egypt) |
3400-3300 |
Late/Final A-group (Lower Nubia)
Naqada IIIa (Upper Egypt)
Buto III (Lower Egypt) |
Tomb U-j ruler |
3300-3150 |
| ‘Dynasty 0’ |
Naqada IIIb
Buto IV (Lower Egypt) |
Irihor(?), Ka / Sekhen, Crocodile (?), Scorpion |
3150-3030 |
| Early dynastic |
Dynasty 1 |
Naqada IIIc
Buto V (Lower Egypt) |
Narmer, Aha [=Menes?], Djer, Wadj / Djet, Merneith (Queen), Den / Dewen, Anedjib, Semerkhet, Qaa |
3030-2800 |
| Dynasty 2 |
Naqada IIId |
Hetepsekhemwy, Raneb, Ninetjer, Peribsen, Khasekhem(wy) |
2800-2650 |
| Old Kingdom |
Dynasty 3 |
|
Netjerykhet (Djoser), Sekhemkhet, Khaba, Huni |
2650-2575 |
| Dynasty 4 |
Sneferu |
|
2575-2465 |
| Khufu |
(Cheops) |
|
| Radjedef |
(Djedefra) |
|
| Khafra |
(Rakhaef, Chephren) |
|
| Menkaura |
(Mycerinus, Mykerinos) |
|
| Shepseskaf |
|
|
| Dynasty 5 |
Userkaf |
|
2465-2323 |
| Sahura |
|
|
| Neferirkara Kakai |
|
|
| Shepseskara Ini |
|
|
| Raneferef |
(Neferefra) |
|
| Neuserra Isi |
|
|
| Menkauhor |
|
|
| Djedkara Isesi |
|
|
| Unas |
|
|
| Dynasty 6 |
Tety |
|
2323-2152 |
| Pepy I |
(Meryra) |
|
| Merenra Nemtyemsaf |
|
|
| Pepy II |
(Neferkara) |
|
Dynasty 7
Dynasty 8 |
Brief rules of several kings
(including Neferkara) |
2150-2040 |
| First Intermediate Period |
Dynasty 9
Dynasty 10 |
Herakleopolitan dynasties, brief rules of several kings (Khety, Merykara, Ity). |
2134-2040 |
| Dynasty 11 |
Theban dynasty in divided Egypt |
2134-1991 |
| [Mentuhotep Tepy-a (I)] |
|
| Intef I |
(Sehertawy) |
|
| Intef II |
(Wahankh) |
|
| Intef III |
(Nakhtnebtepnufer) |
|
| Nebhepetra Mentuhotep (II)(unification of Egypt in 2040) |
2061-2010 |
| Middle Kingdom |
|
|
| Seankhkara Mentuhotep (III) |
2010-1998 |
| Nebtawyra Mentuhotep (IV) |
1998-1991 |
| Dynasty 12 |
Amenemhat I |
(Sehetepibra) |
1991-1962 |
| Senwosret I |
(Kheperkara) |
1971-1926 |
| Amenemhat II |
(Nubkaura) |
1929-1892 |
| Senwosret II |
(Khakheperra) |
1897-1878 |
| Senwosret III |
(Khakaura) |
1878-1841 |
| Amenemhat III |
(Nimaatra) |
1844-1797 |
| Amenemhat IV |
(Maakherura) |
1799-1787 |
| Neferusobek |
(Sobekkara), Queen |
1787-1783 |
| Dynasty 13 |
Approximately 70 kings, among whom:
Wegaf, Amenemhat V-VII, Sobekhotep I-V, Neferhotep I-III, Hor, Khendjer, Mentuemsaf. |
1783-after 1640 |
| Dynasty 14 |
Several kings, probably contemporary with the 13th or the 15th dynasty. |
|
| Second Intermediate Period |
Dynasty 15 |
Hyksos kings:
Salitis, Sheshi, Khian, Apep, Khamudi |
1640-1532 |
| Dynasty 16 |
Minor Hyksos rulers, contemporary with the 15th dynasty |
|
| Dynasty 17 |
Theban dynasty in divided Egypt, numerous kings, among whom:
Intef V, Sobekemsaf I and II, and the last three: |
1640-1550 |
| Tao I |
(Senakhtenra) |
|
| Tao II |
(Seqenenra) |
|
| Kamose |
(Wadjkheperra) |
1555-1550 |
| New Kingdom |
Dynasty 18 |
Ahmose |
(Nebpehtyra) |
1550-1525 |
| Amenhotep I |
(Djeserkara) |
1525-1504 |
| Thutmoses I |
(Aakheperkara) |
1504-1492 |
| Thutmoses II |
(Aakheperenra) |
1492-1479 |
| Thutmoses III |
(Menkheperra) |
1479-1425 |
| Hatshepsut |
(Maatkara), Queen |
1473-1458 |
| Amenhotep II |
(Aakheperura) |
1427-1401 |
| Thutmoses IV |
(Menkheperura) |
1401-1391 |
| Amenhotep III |
(Nebmaatra) |
1390-1352 |
| Amenhotep IV / Akhenaten |
(Neferkheperura Waenra) |
1352-1336 |
| Semenkhkara |
(Ankh kheperura) |
1338-1336 |
| Tutankhamen |
(Nebkheperura) |
1336-1327 |
| Aye |
(Kheperkheperura) |
1327-1323 |
| Horemheb |
(Djeserkheperura) |
1323-1295 |
| Dynasty 19 |
Ramesses I |
(Menpehtyra) |
1295-1294 |
| Sety I |
(Menmaatra) |
1294-1279 |
| Ramesses II |
(Usermaatra Setepenra) |
1279-1213 |
| Merenptah |
(Baenra Hotephermaat) |
1213-1203 |
| Amenmesse |
(Menmira) |
1203-1200 |
| Sety II |
(Userkheperura Setepenra) |
1200-1194 |
| Siptah |
(Akhenra Setepenra) |
1194-1188 |
| Tawosret |
(Sitra Merytamen) |
1188-1186 |
| Dynasty 20 |
Sethnakhte |
(Userkhaura Meryamen) |
1186-1184 |
| Ramesses III |
(Usermaatra Meryamen) |
1184-1153 |
| Ramesses IV |
(Hekamaatra Setepenamen) |
1153-1147 |
| Ramesses V |
(Usermaatra Sekheperenra) |
1147-1143 |
| Ramesses VI |
(Nebmaatra Meryamen) |
1143-1136 |
| Ramesses VII |
(Usermaatra Setepenra Merytamen) |
1136-1129 |
| Ramesses VIII |
(Usermaatra Akhenamen) |
1129-1126 |
| Ramesses IX |
(Neferkara Setepenra) |
1126-1108 |
| Ramesses X |
(Khepermaatra Setepenra) |
1108-1099 |
| Ramesses XI |
(Menmaatra Setepenptah) |
1099-1069 |
| Third Intermediate Period |
Dynasty 21(Tanis) |
Smendes |
(Hedjkheperra Setepenra) |
1069-1043 |
| Amenemnisu |
(Neferkara) |
1043-1039 |
| Psusennes I |
(Aakheperra Setepenamen) |
1039-991 |
| Amenemope |
(Usermaatra Setepenamen) |
991-984 |
| Osorkon I |
“the elder” (Aakheperra Setepenra) |
984-978 |
| Siamun |
(Netjerkheperra Setepenamen) |
978-959 |
| Psusennes II |
(Titkheperura Setepenra) |
959-945 |
| Dynasty 22(Bubastis) |
Shoshenq I |
(Hedjkheperra Setepenra) |
945-924 |
| Osorkon II |
(Sekhemkehperra Setepenra) |
924-909 |
| Takelot I |
(Usermaatra Setepenamen) |
909- |
| Shoshenq II |
(Hekakheperra Setepenra) |
-883 |
| Osorkon III |
(Usermaatra Setepenamen) |
883-855 |
| Takelot II |
(Hedjkheperra Setepenra) |
860-835 |
| Shoshenq III |
(Usermaatra Setepenra/amen) |
835-783 |
| Pami |
(Usermaatra Setepenra/amen) |
783-773 |
| Shoshenq V |
(Aakheperra) |
773-735 |
| Osorkon V |
(Aakheperra Setepenamen) |
735-712 |
Dynasty 23
(Tanis/
Libyan) |
Kings recognized in Thebes, Hermopolis, Herakleopolis, Leontopolis and Tanis. |
|
| Pedubaste I |
(Usermaatra) |
828-803 |
| Osorkon IV |
(Usermaatra Setepenamen) |
777-749 |
| Peftjauawybast |
(Neferkara) |
740-725 |
| Dynasty 24(Sais) |
Tefnakhte |
(Shepsesra?) |
724-717 |
| Bocchoris |
Bakenrenef (Wahkara) |
717-712 |
| Dynasty 25(Kushite) |
Kashta |
(Nimaatra) |
770-750 |
| Pianckhy / Piye |
(Usermaatra) |
750-712 |
| Shabaqo |
(Neferkara) |
712-698 |
| Shabitqo |
(Djedkaura) |
698-690 |
| Taharqo |
(Khunefertemra) |
690-664 |
| Tanutamani |
(Bakara) |
664-657 |
| Dynasty 26 |
[Necho I] |
|
672-664 |
| Late Period |
(Sais) |
Psammetichus I |
(Wahibra) |
664-610 |
| Necho II |
(Wehemibra) |
610-595 |
| Psammetichus II |
(Neferibra) |
595-589 |
| Apries |
(Haibra) |
589-570 |
| Amasis / Ahmose II |
(Khnemibra) |
570-526 |
| Psammetichus III |
(Ankhkaenra) |
526-525 |
| Dynasty 27(Persian) |
Cambyses |
|
525-522 |
| Darius I |
|
521-486 |
| Xerxes I |
|
486-466 |
| Artaxerxes I |
|
465-424 |
| Darius II |
|
424-404 |
| Dynasty 28 |
Amyrtaios |
|
404-399 |
| Dynasty 29 |
Nepherites I |
(Baenra Merynetjeru) |
399-393 |
| Psammuthis |
(Userra Setepenptah) |
393 |
| Hakoris |
(Khnemmaatra) |
393-380 |
| Nepherites II |
|
380 |
| Dynasty 30 |
Nectanebo I |
(Kheperkara) |
380-362 |
| Teos |
(Irmaatenra) |
365-360 |
| Nectanebo II |
(Senedjemibra Setepenanhur) |
360-343 |
| Second Persian Period |
Artaxerxes III |
Ochus |
343-338 |
| Arses |
|
338-336 |
| Darius III |
Codoman |
335-332 |
| (Indigenous ruler) |
Khababash |
(Senentanen Setepenptah) |
|
Greco-Roman
Period |
Macedonian |
Alexander III |
the Great |
332-323 |
| Philip Arrhidaeus |
|
323-316 |
| Alexander IV |
|
316-304 |
| Ptolemaic |
Ptolemy I |
Soter I |
304-284 |
| Ptolemy II |
Philadelphus |
285-246 |
| Ptolemy III |
Euergetes I |
246-221 |
| Ptolemy IV |
Philopator |
221-205 |
| Ptolemy V |
Epiphanes |
205-180 |
| (Indigenous ruler) |
Harwennefer |
|
205-199 |
| (Indigenous ruler) |
Ankhwennefer |
|
199-186 |
| |
Ptolemy VI |
Philometor |
180-164
163-145 |
| Ptolemy VII |
Neos Philopator |
145 |
| Ptolemy VIII |
Euergetes II (Physkon) |
170-163
145-116 |
| (Indigenous ruler) |
Harsiese |
|
131 |
| |
Cleopatra III
Ptolemy IX |
Queen, and
Soter II (Latyros) |
116-107 |
Cleopatra III
Ptolemy X |
Queen, and
Alexander I |
107-88 |
| Ptolemy IX |
Soter II |
88-81 |
| Cleopatra |
Berenike |
81-80 |
| Ptolemy XI |
Alexander II |
80 |
| Ptolemy XII |
Neos Dionysos (Auletes) |
80-58 |
| Berenike IV |
|
58-55 |
| Ptolemy XII |
Neos Dionysos (Auletes) |
55-51 |
| Cleopatra VII |
Queen |
51-30 |
| Ptolemy XIII |
|
51-47 |
| Ptolemy XIV |
|
47-44 |
| Ptolemy XV |
Caesarion |
44-30 |
| Roman |
Augustus |
30 BCE – 14 CE |
| Tiberius |
14-37 |
| Gaius (Caligula) |
37-41 |
| Claudius |
41-54 |
| Nero |
54-68 |
| Galba |
68-69 |
| Otho |
69 |
| Vespasian |
69-79 |
| Titus |
79-81 |
| Domitian |
81-96 |
| Nerva |
96-98 |
| Trajan |
98-117 |
| Hadrian |
117-138 |
| Antoninus Pius |
138-161 |
| Marcus Aurelius |
161-180 |
| Lucius Verus |
161-169 |
| Commodus |
180-192 |
| Septimius Severus |
193-211 |
| Caracalla |
198-217 |
| Geta |
209-212 |
| Macrinus |
217-218 |
| Elegabalus |
218-222 |
| Severus Alexander |
222-235 |
| Gordian III |
238-244 |
| Philip |
244-249 |
| Decius |
249-251 |
| Gallus and Volusianus |
251-253 |
| Valerian |
253-260 |
| Gallienus |
253-268 |
| Macrianus and Quietus |
260-261 |
| Aurelian |
270-275 |
| Probus |
276-282 |
| Diocletian |
284-305 |
| Maximian |
286-305 |
| Galerius |
293-311 |
| Constantine I |
306-337 |
| Maxentius |
306-312 |
| Maximinus Daia |
307-324 |
| Licinius |
308-324 |
| Constantine II |
337-340 |
| Constans |
337-350 |
| Constantius II |
337-361 |
| Magnetius |
350-353 |
| Julian the Apostate |
361-363 |
| Jovian |
363-364 |
| Valentinian I |
364-375 |
| Valens |
364-378 |
| Gratian |
375-383 |
| Theodosius the Great |
379-395 |
| Valentinian II |
383-392 |
| Eugenius |
392-394 |
Division of the Roman Empire
Late Roman or Byzantine Period |
395 |
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