The Use of Theriomorphic and Therianthropic Imagery in
Etruscan and Roman Art
Wayne L. Rupp, Jr.
Florida State University
wruppjr@hotmail.com
Human-animal hybrids have held our fascination, and often our fear, from ancient to modern times. In a classical context, these monstrous creatures were a common part of the mythological tradition. Gorgons, centaurs, satyrs, sirens, and Skylla are prominent examples of the mingling of human and bestial form. These figures are often considered lesser divinities and are not ranked amongst the great Olympian gods or goddesses. In this paper, which is based on research for my dissertation, "Shape of the Beast: The Theriomorphic and Therianthropic Deities and Demons of Ancient Italy," I examine the lupine iconography of the Aita (the Etruscan Hades) and Apollo Soranus, the taurine images of Achelous and Dionysos, and ophidian representations of the Genius Loci and Aesculapius.
By analyzing evidence drawn from cult practice, mythological narrative, and art, I hope to demonstrate the following points. Deities represented in hybrid form should not be considered inferior to those who are fully anthropomorphic. The use of animal iconography constitutes a sophisticated choice to represent the nature of a god who is "the other," chthonic, and dangerous and is not a trend only found in the realm of so-called primitive religion. Contrary to what is commonly stated in texts on classical religion, "animal worship" was not total anathema to the classical world. Lastly, by viewing deities through the lens of animal iconography, we are reminded of the fluidity of polytheism to accept influence from foreign lands and the syncretic nature of the gods of Greece and Rome.